Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain
From 2016 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain to study the long-term effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen coupling on the growth, biomass allocation, and irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency of short-rotation triploid <i>Populus tomentosa</i> p...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Yafei Wang Juntao Liu Yuelin He Wei Zhu Liming Jia Benye Xi |
| author_facet | Yafei Wang Juntao Liu Yuelin He Wei Zhu Liming Jia Benye Xi |
| author_sort | Yafei Wang |
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| description | From 2016 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain to study the long-term effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen coupling on the growth, biomass allocation, and irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency of short-rotation triploid <i>Populus tomentosa</i> plantations. The experiment adopted a completely randomized block design, with one control (CK) and six water–nitrogen coupling treatments (IF, two irrigation levels × three nitrogen application levels). Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA, regression models, Spearman’s correlation analysis, and path analysis. The results showed that the effects of water and nitrogen treatments on the annual increment of diameter at breast height (ΔDBH), annual increment of tree height (Δ<i>H</i>), basal area of the stand (<i>BA</i><sub>S</sub>), stand volume (<i>V</i><sub>S</sub>), and annual forest productivity (AFP) in short-rotation forestry exhibited a significant stand age effect. The coupling of water and nitrogen significantly promoted the DBH growth of 2-year-old trees (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but after 3 years of age, the promoting effect of water and nitrogen coupling gradually diminished. In the 6th year, the above-ground biomass of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> was 5.16 to 6.62 times the under-ground biomass under different treatments. Compared to the I45 treatment (irrigation at soil water potential of −45 kPa), the irrigation water use efficiency of the I20 treatment (−20 kPa) decreased by 88.79%. PFP showed a downward trend with the increase in fertilization amount, dropping by 130.95% and 132.86% under the I20 and I45 irrigation levels. Path analysis indicated that irrigation had a significant effect on the <i>BA</i><sub>S</sub>, <i>V</i><sub>S</sub>, AFP, and TGB of 6-year-old <i>Populus tomentosa</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the universality of irrigation being higher than that of fertilization. It is recommended to implement phased water and fertilizer management for <i>Populus tomentosa</i> plantations in the North China Plain. During 1–3 years of tree age, adequate irrigation should be ensured and nitrogen fertilizer application increased. Between the ages of 4 and 6, irrigation and fertilization should be ceased to reduce resource wastage. This work provides scientific guidance for water and fertilizer management in short-rotation plantations. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2ef8b46b68b74b26ab85cf127cd88b492025-06-25T14:20:02ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-06-011412183310.3390/plants14121833Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China PlainYafei Wang0Juntao Liu1Yuelin He2Wei Zhu3Liming Jia4Benye Xi5Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaNational Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen 333400, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaFrom 2016 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain to study the long-term effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen coupling on the growth, biomass allocation, and irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency of short-rotation triploid <i>Populus tomentosa</i> plantations. The experiment adopted a completely randomized block design, with one control (CK) and six water–nitrogen coupling treatments (IF, two irrigation levels × three nitrogen application levels). Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA, regression models, Spearman’s correlation analysis, and path analysis. The results showed that the effects of water and nitrogen treatments on the annual increment of diameter at breast height (ΔDBH), annual increment of tree height (Δ<i>H</i>), basal area of the stand (<i>BA</i><sub>S</sub>), stand volume (<i>V</i><sub>S</sub>), and annual forest productivity (AFP) in short-rotation forestry exhibited a significant stand age effect. The coupling of water and nitrogen significantly promoted the DBH growth of 2-year-old trees (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but after 3 years of age, the promoting effect of water and nitrogen coupling gradually diminished. In the 6th year, the above-ground biomass of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> was 5.16 to 6.62 times the under-ground biomass under different treatments. Compared to the I45 treatment (irrigation at soil water potential of −45 kPa), the irrigation water use efficiency of the I20 treatment (−20 kPa) decreased by 88.79%. PFP showed a downward trend with the increase in fertilization amount, dropping by 130.95% and 132.86% under the I20 and I45 irrigation levels. Path analysis indicated that irrigation had a significant effect on the <i>BA</i><sub>S</sub>, <i>V</i><sub>S</sub>, AFP, and TGB of 6-year-old <i>Populus tomentosa</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the universality of irrigation being higher than that of fertilization. It is recommended to implement phased water and fertilizer management for <i>Populus tomentosa</i> plantations in the North China Plain. During 1–3 years of tree age, adequate irrigation should be ensured and nitrogen fertilizer application increased. Between the ages of 4 and 6, irrigation and fertilization should be ceased to reduce resource wastage. This work provides scientific guidance for water and fertilizer management in short-rotation plantations.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/12/1833short-rotation plantationstree growthbiomass allocationirrigation water use efficiencynitrogen fertilizer partial productivity |
| spellingShingle | Yafei Wang Juntao Liu Yuelin He Wei Zhu Liming Jia Benye Xi Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain Plants short-rotation plantations tree growth biomass allocation irrigation water use efficiency nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity |
| title | Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain |
| title_full | Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain |
| title_fullStr | Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain |
| title_short | Growth and Biomass Distribution Responses of <i>Populus tomentosa</i> to Long-Term Water–Nitrogen Coupling in the North China Plain |
| title_sort | growth and biomass distribution responses of i populus tomentosa i to long term water nitrogen coupling in the north china plain |
| topic | short-rotation plantations tree growth biomass allocation irrigation water use efficiency nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/12/1833 |
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