Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration
Bone repair and regeneration following an injury still present challenges worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made from various materials are used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Polymers, minerals and nanotechnology are now being used in combination to achieve specific goals...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Functional Biomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/7/238 |
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| author | Yashaswini Premjit Merin Lawrence Abhishek Goyal Célia Ferreira Elena A. Jones Payal Ganguly |
| author_facet | Yashaswini Premjit Merin Lawrence Abhishek Goyal Célia Ferreira Elena A. Jones Payal Ganguly |
| author_sort | Yashaswini Premjit |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bone repair and regeneration following an injury still present challenges worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made from various materials are used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Polymers, minerals and nanotechnology are now being used in combination to achieve specific goals for BTE, including the delivery of antimicrobials through the scaffolds to prevent post-surgical infection. While several materials are utilised for BTE, natural polymers present a unique set of materials that can be manipulated to formulate scaffolds for BTE applications. They have been found to demonstrate higher biocompatibility, biodegradability and lower toxicity. Some even naturally mimic the bone microarchitecture, providing inherent structural support for BTE. Natural polymers may be simply classified as those from plant and animal sources. From both sources, there are different types of proteins, polysaccharides and other specialised materials that are already in use for research in BTE. Interestingly, these have the potential to revolutionise the field of BTE with a sustainable approach. In this review, we first discuss the different natural polymers used in BTE from plant sources, followed by animal sources. We then explore novel materials that are aimed at sustainable approaches, focusing on innovation from the last decade. In these sections, we outline studies of these materials with different types of bone cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are the progenitors of bone. We finally outline the limitations, conclusions and future directions from our perspective in this dynamic field of polymers in BTE. With this review, we hope to bring together the updated existing knowledge and the potential future of innovation and sustainability in natural polymers for biomimetic BTE applications for fellow scientists, researchers and surgeons in the field. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2c479f12e16b4a10bb2477c6fd7c610f |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2079-4983 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Functional Biomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-2c479f12e16b4a10bb2477c6fd7c610f2025-07-25T13:26:23ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Biomaterials2079-49832025-06-0116723810.3390/jfb16070238Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone RegenerationYashaswini Premjit0Merin Lawrence1Abhishek Goyal2Célia Ferreira3Elena A. Jones4Payal Ganguly5School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKSchool of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, H91W2TY Galway, IrelandDeallus Consulting, Gurugram 122002, Haryana, IndiaSchool of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKLeeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UKLeeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UKBone repair and regeneration following an injury still present challenges worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made from various materials are used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Polymers, minerals and nanotechnology are now being used in combination to achieve specific goals for BTE, including the delivery of antimicrobials through the scaffolds to prevent post-surgical infection. While several materials are utilised for BTE, natural polymers present a unique set of materials that can be manipulated to formulate scaffolds for BTE applications. They have been found to demonstrate higher biocompatibility, biodegradability and lower toxicity. Some even naturally mimic the bone microarchitecture, providing inherent structural support for BTE. Natural polymers may be simply classified as those from plant and animal sources. From both sources, there are different types of proteins, polysaccharides and other specialised materials that are already in use for research in BTE. Interestingly, these have the potential to revolutionise the field of BTE with a sustainable approach. In this review, we first discuss the different natural polymers used in BTE from plant sources, followed by animal sources. We then explore novel materials that are aimed at sustainable approaches, focusing on innovation from the last decade. In these sections, we outline studies of these materials with different types of bone cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are the progenitors of bone. We finally outline the limitations, conclusions and future directions from our perspective in this dynamic field of polymers in BTE. With this review, we hope to bring together the updated existing knowledge and the potential future of innovation and sustainability in natural polymers for biomimetic BTE applications for fellow scientists, researchers and surgeons in the field.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/7/238biomimetics3D scaffoldsnatural polymersmesenchymal stromal cellstissue engineeringbone repair |
| spellingShingle | Yashaswini Premjit Merin Lawrence Abhishek Goyal Célia Ferreira Elena A. Jones Payal Ganguly Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration Journal of Functional Biomaterials biomimetics 3D scaffolds natural polymers mesenchymal stromal cells tissue engineering bone repair |
| title | Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration |
| title_full | Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration |
| title_fullStr | Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration |
| title_short | Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration |
| title_sort | biomimetic three dimensional 3d scaffolds from sustainable biomaterials innovative green medicine approach to bone regeneration |
| topic | biomimetics 3D scaffolds natural polymers mesenchymal stromal cells tissue engineering bone repair |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/7/238 |
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