Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics
Diabetes mellitus(DM) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by high incidence and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates. A comprehensive understanding of the disease burden of DM is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study analyze...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1596127/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1839646077870931968 |
|---|---|
| author | Ciming Pan Beiling Cao Hui Fang Yelu Liu Shuhan Zhang Wei Luo Yuanjie Wu |
| author_facet | Ciming Pan Beiling Cao Hui Fang Yelu Liu Shuhan Zhang Wei Luo Yuanjie Wu |
| author_sort | Ciming Pan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetes mellitus(DM) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by high incidence and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates. A comprehensive understanding of the disease burden of DM is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study analyzes the global burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study. In 2021, DM caused 1.66 million deaths, with age-standardized mortality rising by 7.95% since 1990. While Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mortality declined by 29.24%, Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) accounted for 97.1% of deaths, with a 9.75% mortality increase. Geospatial analysis revealed extreme disparities: Pacific Island nations exhibited incidence rates >800/100,000, contrasting with <3/100,000 in Costa Rica and China. T1DM burden predominated in high-latitude regions (e.g., Finland), whereas T2DM mirrored overall DM distribution. DALYs for T2DM surged by 42.32%, disproportionately affecting Low-SDI regions. Age-stratified analyses identified distinct patterns: T2DM incidence peaked at 59–69 years, while T1DM DALYs peaked in early-middle adulthood (40–44 years). Risk factor hierarchies highlighted metabolic risks (e.g., high BMI) for T2DM and ambient temperature effects for T1DM. Despite progress in T1DM management, rising T2DM burden underscores urgent need for targeted prevention strategies addressing obesity, dietary risks, and environmental determinants. Study limitations include potential GBD data inaccuracies and ecological design constraints. These findings emphasize the imperative for region-specific interventions to mitigate the evolving diabetes pandemic. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0dbd5ff5b8f94f9ca23da144f2d0c0a3 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj-art-0dbd5ff5b8f94f9ca23da144f2d0c0a32025-07-01T04:10:27ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922025-07-011610.3389/fendo.2025.15961271596127Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamicsCiming Pan0Beiling Cao1Hui Fang2Yelu Liu3Shuhan Zhang4Wei Luo5Yuanjie Wu6Hefei Xinzhuan High-tech Zone Huoshuiyuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic, Outpatient Department, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaNanjing University of Chinese Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaDepartment of Traditional Chinese Acupuncture and Tuina, the Second People's Hospital of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaPediatric Neurorehabilitation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaDiabetes mellitus(DM) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by high incidence and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates. A comprehensive understanding of the disease burden of DM is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study analyzes the global burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study. In 2021, DM caused 1.66 million deaths, with age-standardized mortality rising by 7.95% since 1990. While Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mortality declined by 29.24%, Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) accounted for 97.1% of deaths, with a 9.75% mortality increase. Geospatial analysis revealed extreme disparities: Pacific Island nations exhibited incidence rates >800/100,000, contrasting with <3/100,000 in Costa Rica and China. T1DM burden predominated in high-latitude regions (e.g., Finland), whereas T2DM mirrored overall DM distribution. DALYs for T2DM surged by 42.32%, disproportionately affecting Low-SDI regions. Age-stratified analyses identified distinct patterns: T2DM incidence peaked at 59–69 years, while T1DM DALYs peaked in early-middle adulthood (40–44 years). Risk factor hierarchies highlighted metabolic risks (e.g., high BMI) for T2DM and ambient temperature effects for T1DM. Despite progress in T1DM management, rising T2DM burden underscores urgent need for targeted prevention strategies addressing obesity, dietary risks, and environmental determinants. Study limitations include potential GBD data inaccuracies and ecological design constraints. These findings emphasize the imperative for region-specific interventions to mitigate the evolving diabetes pandemic.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1596127/fulldiabetes mellitusglobal burden of diseasedisability-adjusted life yearsgeospatial disparitiesrisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Ciming Pan Beiling Cao Hui Fang Yelu Liu Shuhan Zhang Wei Luo Yuanjie Wu Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics Frontiers in Endocrinology diabetes mellitus global burden of disease disability-adjusted life years geospatial disparities risk factors |
| title | Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics |
| title_full | Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics |
| title_fullStr | Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics |
| title_short | Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990–2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics |
| title_sort | global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990 2021 epidemiological trends geospatial disparities and risk factor dynamics |
| topic | diabetes mellitus global burden of disease disability-adjusted life years geospatial disparities risk factors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1596127/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cimingpan globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics AT beilingcao globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics AT huifang globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics AT yeluliu globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics AT shuhanzhang globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics AT weiluo globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics AT yuanjiewu globalburdenofdiabetesmellitus19902021epidemiologicaltrendsgeospatialdisparitiesandriskfactordynamics |