Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses
Alkaline stress (AS) is one of the major threats that severely affects rice growth and grain yield. However, the differences in the damage caused by the main components of soda saline-alkali land, sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO&...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Yang Cao Fei Hao Jingpeng Li Bolun Zhang Zeming Li Tiantian Liu Yan Gao Xuguang Niu Xiaohu Liu Hui Zhang Lijuan Yang |
| author_facet | Yang Cao Fei Hao Jingpeng Li Bolun Zhang Zeming Li Tiantian Liu Yan Gao Xuguang Niu Xiaohu Liu Hui Zhang Lijuan Yang |
| author_sort | Yang Cao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alkaline stress (AS) is one of the major threats that severely affects rice growth and grain yield. However, the differences in the damage caused by the main components of soda saline-alkali land, sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) to rice seedlings are still unclear. This study explored the effects of different carbonate stresses (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) on rice seedling growth, root damage, physiological responses, and molecular changes. By administering equivalent concentrations of sodium ions through these different carbonate treatments, we observed that both stresses significantly inhibited rice growth. However, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced under the Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> treatment. Compared with the NaHCO<sub>3</sub> treatment, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stress caused more severe damage to root cell membranes and led to a substantial decline in root vigor. Moreover, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were markedly increased, indicating that Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> induces more severe oxidative damage. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> treatment group. The integrative analysis and validation demonstrated that pathways related to auxin, ascorbate, flavonoids, and glutathione metabolism were particularly enriched under Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stress. These findings suggest that Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stress may interfere with auxin signaling pathways and exerts a more profound impact on endogenous antioxidant systems, affecting rice growth at multiple levels. In summary, this research highlights the differential impacts of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stresses on rice seedling growth, physiology, and molecular processes, particularly oxidative damage and antioxidant responses. The insights gained provide a valuable theoretical foundation for enhancing rice alkali tolerance and developing strategies for the rational cultivation of rice in saline-alkaline soils. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0995e7a99ca54dd5b3b855e8fa8c123d |
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| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-0995e7a99ca54dd5b3b855e8fa8c123d2025-06-25T13:23:12ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-05-0114665810.3390/antiox14060658Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate StressesYang Cao0Fei Hao1Jingpeng Li2Bolun Zhang3Zeming Li4Tiantian Liu5Yan Gao6Xuguang Niu7Xiaohu Liu8Hui Zhang9Lijuan Yang10College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaAlkaline stress (AS) is one of the major threats that severely affects rice growth and grain yield. However, the differences in the damage caused by the main components of soda saline-alkali land, sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) to rice seedlings are still unclear. This study explored the effects of different carbonate stresses (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) on rice seedling growth, root damage, physiological responses, and molecular changes. By administering equivalent concentrations of sodium ions through these different carbonate treatments, we observed that both stresses significantly inhibited rice growth. However, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced under the Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> treatment. Compared with the NaHCO<sub>3</sub> treatment, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stress caused more severe damage to root cell membranes and led to a substantial decline in root vigor. Moreover, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were markedly increased, indicating that Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> induces more severe oxidative damage. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> treatment group. The integrative analysis and validation demonstrated that pathways related to auxin, ascorbate, flavonoids, and glutathione metabolism were particularly enriched under Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stress. These findings suggest that Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stress may interfere with auxin signaling pathways and exerts a more profound impact on endogenous antioxidant systems, affecting rice growth at multiple levels. In summary, this research highlights the differential impacts of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> stresses on rice seedling growth, physiology, and molecular processes, particularly oxidative damage and antioxidant responses. The insights gained provide a valuable theoretical foundation for enhancing rice alkali tolerance and developing strategies for the rational cultivation of rice in saline-alkaline soils.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/658rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.)carbonate stressesseedling growthreactive oxygen speciestranscriptomemetabolite |
| spellingShingle | Yang Cao Fei Hao Jingpeng Li Bolun Zhang Zeming Li Tiantian Liu Yan Gao Xuguang Niu Xiaohu Liu Hui Zhang Lijuan Yang Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses Antioxidants rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) carbonate stresses seedling growth reactive oxygen species transcriptome metabolite |
| title | Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses |
| title_full | Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses |
| title_fullStr | Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses |
| title_short | Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Complex Oxidative Damage Mechanisms in Rice Seedling Roots Under Different Carbonate Stresses |
| title_sort | integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal complex oxidative damage mechanisms in rice seedling roots under different carbonate stresses |
| topic | rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) carbonate stresses seedling growth reactive oxygen species transcriptome metabolite |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/658 |
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