Search Results - Dong Han
Han dynasty
| s =
| p = Hàn
| bpmf = ㄏㄢˋ
| myr = Hàn
| w =
| mi =
| gr = Hann
| tp = Hàn
| y = Hon
| ci =
| j = Hon3
| tl = Hàn
| wuu = Hoe
| poj = Hàn
| mc = xàn
| oc-b92 = *
| oc-bs = *
}}The Han dynasty, ; |s=汉朝|p=Hàncháo}}}} (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) was an imperial dynasty of China established by Liu Bang, and preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and interregnum known as the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC). It was succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD) and also briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang. It is thus separated into two periods—the Western Han (202 BC9 AD) and the Eastern Han (25–220 AD). The Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history, impacting Chinese identity in later periods. The majority ethnic group of modern China refer to themselves as the "Han people", while spoken Chinese and written Chinese are referred to respectively as the "Han language" and "Han characters".
The Han emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society and culture. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and the appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into commanderies directly controlled by the central government and also semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost their autonomy, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu () onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesizing it with the cosmology of Dong Zhongshu. The Han dynasty experienced periods of economic prosperity as well as significant growth in the money economy, which had first been established during the Zhou dynasty (–256 BC). The coinage minted by the central government in 119 BC remained the standard in China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). To finance its military campaigns and settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government nationalized private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, creating government monopolies that were later repealed during the Eastern Han period. There were significant advances in science and technology during the Han period, including the invention of papermaking, rudders for steering ships, negative numbers in mathematics, raised-relief maps, hydraulic-powered armillary spheres for astronomy, and seismometers that discerned the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes by use of inverted pendulums.
The Han dynasty had many conflicts with the Xiongnu, a nomadic confederation centered in the eastern Eurasian steppe. The Xiongnu defeated the Han in 200 BC, prompting the Han to appease the Xiongnu with a policy of marriage alliance and payments of tribute, though the Xiongnu continued to raid Han China's northern borders. Han policy changed in 133 BC when Emperor Wu began a series of military campaigns to quell the Xiongnu. Han forces cleaved the Hexi Corridor and Inner Asian territory of the Tarim Basin away from the Xiongnu, helping to establish the Silk Road trade route. The Xiongnu were eventually defeated and forced to accept a status as Han vassals, though the lands north of the Han's borders were later overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful conquests in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC. He further expanded Han territory into the northern Korean Peninsula, where Han forces conquered Gojoseon and established the Xuantu and Lelang commanderies in 108 BC.
After 92 AD, palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in the dynasty's court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Taoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (), the palace eunuchs were massacred by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. The Han dynasty came to an end in 220 AD when Cao Pi, king of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1
Sequential Endoscopic Findings of a Tuberculous Esophageal Ulcer that Developed into a Traction Diverticulum
Published 2020-03-01Get full textEsophageal diverticula are uncommon lesions that are usually classified according to location, layers of the wall, and underlying pathogenesis. A true traction esophageal diverticulum, which is commonly seen in the middle one-third of the thoracic esophagus, occurs secondary to mediastinal inflammat...
Article -
2
History and Pharmacological Mechanism of Gastric Acid-suppressive Drugs
Published 2023-09-01Get full textGastric acid-related disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine are physiological agonists that stimulate acid secretion from parietal cells. Histamine plays a decisive role in the transformation of parietal cells into acid-secreting forms. The H+,...
Article -
3
A Case of Achalasia Presenting with Cardiac Arrest due to Left Atrial Compression
Published 2020-09-01Get full textAchalasia is a rare primary esophageal motility disorder characterized by the loss of enteric neurons leading to an absence of peristalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. The subsequent stasis of ingested food not only leads to symptoms of dysphagia, regurgitation, chest p...
Article -
4
Trade war and grain import resilience: evidence from China’s response to U.S. Tariffs
Published 2025-07-01Get full textExaming the impact of China-US trade friction on China’s grain import resilience can provide valuable insights for China and other developing countries in achieving food security. On the basis of defining the theoretical connotation of China’s grain import resilience, this study employs data from 20...
Article -
5
Acoustic Analysis and Perceptual Evaluation of Second Language Cantonese Tones Produced by Advanced Mandarin-Speaking Learners
Published 2025-06-01Get full textThe tonal system of Cantonese is very different from that of Mandarin, which creates potential challenges for Mandarin speakers when learning Cantonese. The aim of this study was to explore second language (L2) production of Cantonese tones by advanced learners whose first language (L1) is Mandarin....
Article -
6
Optimal Dimensional Synthesis of Ackermann and Watt-I Six-Bar Steering Mechanisms for Two-Axle Four-Wheeled Vehicles
Published 2025-07-01Get full textThis study investigates the dimensional synthesis of steering mechanisms for front-wheel-drive, two-axle, four-wheeled vehicles using two metaheuristic optimization algorithms: Differential Evolution with golden ratio (DE-gr) and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO). The vehicle under conside...
Article -
7
Role of the Small Intestinal Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Disorders
Published 2024-12-01Get full textThe small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxon...
Article -
8
Gastric Subepithelial Lesion Accompanied by Colonic Subepithelial Mass
Published 2024-12-01 Get full text
Article -
9
Femtosecond Laser Structuring for Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates
Published 2021-01-01Get full textSurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an optical technique for molecule identification. However, fabrication of flexible and structured SERS substrates for performance improvement in a facile and cost-effective manner is challenging. In this work, we reported a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)...
Article -
10
Reconstruction of the middle hepatic vein using a vein graft from the resected portion of the liver
Published 2020-11-01Get full textAbstract Background The middle hepatic veins are often infiltrated by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Reconstruction of the hepatic vein plays a critical role in preserving more of the residual liver volume and reducing the risk of postoperative liver failure in extreme hepatectomy. We here report...
Article -
11
Emerging Air Pollution Issues in Changing Pearl River Delta of South China
Published 2011Get full textNone
Electronic Book Chapter
-
12
Analysis of diastasis recti abdominis phenotypes and related delivery factors at 42 days postpartum
Published 2025-12-01Get full textObjective Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) is highly prevalent in the postpartum period and affects women’s health. However, the relationship between DRA and prenatal and intrapartum factors is unclear. This study aimed to investigate DRA phenotypes and assess the influence of prenatal and intrapartu...
Article -
13
First detection and complete genome of Soybean chlorotic mottle virus naturally infecting soybean in China by deep sequencing
Published 2019-11-01Get full textSoybean chlorotic mottle virus (SbCMV) was first detected from soybean plants in Jiangxi Province of China by high throughput sequencing and was confirmed by PCR. The complete nucleotide sequence of NC113 was determined to be 8 210 nucleotides, and shared the highest similarity (91.7%) with sequence...
Article -
14
-
15
Dietary supplementation with glutamate improves the flesh quality of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) by altering muscle texture characteristics and increasing the deposition of flav...
Published 2025-01-01Get full textNutrition intervention is an effective way to improve flesh qualities of fish. The effect of feed supplementation with glutamate (Glu) on flesh quality of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) was investigated. In trial 1, the fish (initial weight: 37.49 ± 0.08 g) were fed two practical diets with 0 and 2%...
Article -
16
Comparison of the Effects of Oral Nizatidine versus Famotidine on Intragastric pH and Gastric Emptying in a Stress Rat Model
Published 2022-12-01Get full textBackground/Aims Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are used to treat acid-related disorders and functional dyspepsia. In contrast to other H2RAs, nizatidine promotes gastric emptying (GE). We investigated the effects of nizatidine and famotidine on intragastric pH and the GE rate in rats expose...
Article -
17
IFP35, a novel DAMP, aggravates neuroinflammation following acute ischemic stroke via TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling
Published 2025-06-01Get full textAbstract Background Acute ischemic stroke is a disastrous disease characterized by damaging blood flow in the brain, leading to acute brain injury. Acute brain ischemia elicits severe inflammation, thus in turn, aggravates neural injury. Interferon-Induced Protein 35 (IFP35), is a 35 kDa protein, a...
Article -
18
Transmission Dynamics and Parameters for Pertussis during School-Based Outbreak, South Korea, 2024
Published 2025-07-01Get full textWe estimated the serial interval and superspreading potential to quantify pertussis transmission dynamics in a 2024 school-based outbreak of a population in South Korea that had received a series of pertussis vaccinations. We analyzed 48 cases of pertussis and reconstructed 36 transmission pairs. W...
Article -
19
Decreased expression of TCF12 contributes to progression and predicts biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer
Published 2017-06-01Get full textAs a member of helix–loop–helix protein family, transcription factor 12 functions as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in various human cancers. However, there are no reports on its involvement in prostate cancer. To investigate clinical relevance of transcription factor 12 in prostate cancer...
Article -
20
Expert Consensus on Subxiphoid and Subcostal Arch Thoracoscopic Resection for the Treatment of Thymoma
Published 2025-06-01Get full textABSTRACT Surgery is the primary treatment for thymoma. Although subxiphoid and subcostal arch thoracoscopic thymoma surgery is widely used, there is currently a lack of consensus regarding its use, nor have standards been established. Based on the surgical experience of many domestic thoracic surger...
Article